Artificial Intelligence is already widely used in many sectors of society. The advent of this technology, and the harms that it may create to interests worthy of protection by criminal law, questions whether the special part of criminal codes is suitable for addressing the challenges that this technology creates. Therefore, it is relevant to reflect on the necessity to amend the special part of the criminal code, integrating AI-related offences. This encompasses offences whose criminalisation...

Artificial Intelligence systems are used today in several parts of the world to support the administration of criminal justice. The most widespread example concerns “predictive policing”, which aims at foretelling crime before it happens and improving its detection. AI allows geospatial as well as person-based policing and is involved in preventing and uncovering economic crimes such as fraud and money laundering.Especially in the context of crime mapping – or hot-spot analysis –, its...

In many fields, enforcement of EU policies is performed by the Member States. In principle, Member States are free to decide how and by which means they enforce such policies, albeit under the observance of EU legal principles and harmonised rules. While differences between Member States are inevitable, especially at the interface of criminal and administrative enforcement, they should not create legal obstacles to effective and rule of law-based enforcement in cross-border cases. In his diss...

In recent years, the rapid development and adoption of technologies and the expansion of the digital economy have gone hand in hand with the processing of vast amounts of personal data. Cross-border data flows can bring many benefits to businesses and citizens but are at the same time accompanied by concerns and risks. This dissertation focuses on cross-border data flows from the EU to China and aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic legal assessment and empirical study of EU citizens...

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