Direct effect, consistent interpretation and state liability are instruments developed by the CJEU for national courts to remedy conflicts between national and EU law (and may also be used in some jurisdictions to resolve national law and international law). This book will look at the `remedial capacity of these doctrines/tools from the perspective of the national court applying them. In short: what are their strengths, weaknesses, unexplored opportunities at grassroot level, and what can we ...

This book offers a comprehensive comparative overview of the effects of pre-contractual statements and agreements and post-contractual informal modifications on written contracts. It analyzes the respective case law and scholarly writing of four different jurisdictions (the US, England, Germany and Switzerland) and five uniform instruments (the CISG, PICC, PECL, DCFR and CESL) in depth, showing commonalities and differences. Topics covered are comparative contract law, modifications of (writt...