Concrete like materials were already applied during the Roman Empire. After the decline of the Roman Empire, a wide scale application of concrete only reappeared in the 19th century. Here lies also the origin of modern (reinforced) concrete. Since then, both concrete application and composition have significantly changed. Today, concrete from the 19th and early 20th century is considered as historic concrete.

In this thesis, we study historic concrete in the Netherlands, that is to say the co...

China's recent re-emergence as a world power is one of the transformative events of our time, and the most visible manifestations of the country's continuing rise can be seen in its two greatest cities: Beijing and Shanghai.

Since its inception as a colonial enclave in 1842,Shanghai has been one of the world's largest, richest, and most important cities. Traditionally

it has set the pace of change in China, and acted as a model for the rest of the country, both as an icon of capitalism befor...

In 2011 the RMIT-department of the Faculty of Architecture of TU

Delft formulated the ambition to be structurally involved in the

transformation of urban neighbourhoods in both research and education.

This was decided upon because of the complex social, spatial

and physical issues that many districts in large cities are facing

and the urge to react on these issues with research based design

within the awareness of the cultural significance of those threatened

areas.

The mentioned complexity f...